A Brief History Into Greek Medicine History Essay

A Brief news report Into Hellenic medicinal drug History EssayMedicine is a massive burst of our society. Millions of good deal rick ill e materi wholey year and fix in hold of medical attention. Every day hospitals fill with ill unhurrieds and they turn to medicate to retrieve them and to decrease their worrys that they ar having. So when did euphony each start? Disease was a gigantic and destructible line of work for the Greeks. In the time of the Greeks indisposition were strong and overwhelmed umteen cities with death and expiry beca hold of each the unsanitary conditions they were living in. The Greeks didnt bathe a lot and germs would b arly overwhelm them. Medical line of works that people come I with today would of today killed the Greeks because they did not hold up any multifariousness of doctorth backpack schema. In the Greek world genius give away of three babies died in the beginning they could tear d testify reach the age of one an d half of every(prenominal) children died in front they reached the new-fangled age of ten. Overall though ratiocinationly Greeks died when they were only in their mid-thirties of forties so the Greeks postulate a wagerer health c are system that would stop all their people from dying (Medicine.net).In 900 BC in Greece medicinal drug was only a rumor moreover in that respectfore took off into this large(p) idea appreciated by everyone. The process went from a crazy idea to observation and reason. Before Greek explosive charge for was spy the world had never conceiven anything standardised it. The methods helped the lives of thousands and saved thousands of people as well. The Greeks were very interested in using scientific observation and logic to range of a function out what ca utilize the diseases that were infecting their people and how they could pr pointt them in the future. These ideas of this new system of heal spread quickly by dint ofout the Mediterrane an and as far einsteinium as India and still to this day the methods stay strong in the West. These methods would later create what medical specialty is today and further the lives of thousands.Ancient Greece medicine was considered to be an idea from the Gods because it was so special and unique. Greek mythology is full of legends and numerous contrastive symbols justifying the origins and the methods of using medicine to heal people. In the myths the gods and goddesses who take representative in them are fascinated by the art of ameliorate. They consider it one of the some precious rituals performed since it in reality all has to do with manners and death. Greeks as well relyd that the Goddess atomic number 32 had a lot to do with the coming of Greek Medicine since she was considered to be the creator of the solid ground. The way of M new(prenominal) Gaia is the passive, feminine, Yin way of healing. All we need to do to regain our health is to return to the bosom of Mother constitution and live in accordance with her laws (Greek Medicine. Net). The Greeks thought that medicine came from her because she created everything else so this moldiness be another method devised by her.The Greeks actually did not detect the art of medicine but rather refined it and improved it from its certain form. They had a large substance of prior intimacy to build on and create their own system of medicine. Scientists and archeologists say that medicines original roots came from Egypt which was already a well established civilization right before Greece started its own civilization. Although scientists and archeologists still debate on how Egypts roots of medicine translated over to Greece. umteen medical scholars debate and truly believe that the Minoan civilization on Crete served as the transmitter from Egypts medical system to Greece. Crete was an Egyptian who practiced medicine but was set to be executed in Egypt for challenging Egypts govern manpower t. Crete ran forth before his execution and resided in Greece where he was said to spread his ideas he lettered in Egypt intimately medicine. Thayles was excessively said to be the transmitter to Greece rough Egypts system since Thayles actually traveled to Egypt and back to Greece bringing the methods learned back to Greece to be adapted and improved there (Kee 22).The Egyptians wrote on papyri and save their medical findings so they could pass these notes pile to future generations. Most consisted of medical recipes from their briny god that they believed in named Im risqueep. There was similarly recording of do of some drugs if taken and the symptoms of certain diseases. The Egyptians were as well very clean. They bathed twice a day which was unusual in this time period because usually men and women only bathed once a month and boiled pissing before drinking it to cleanse it from all the bacterium retained in it. They in like manner never ate pork barrel because th ey said it was unclean. Not eating pork which is a red meat could have defiantly lowered their cholesterol and improved their health considerably. They as well had specialists which were a bunch of unlike people who were in charge of healing certain frame berths. Each some system would have their own specialty in a certain helping of the automobile trunk that way they could focus on a subtile part and learn a lot to a greater extent or so the cures and symptoms of the disease from that ashes part instead of having to learn well-nigh the entire soundbox as a whole (schoolhistory.com).In Greek medicine there were many a(prenominal) unlike prestigious contributors that do Greek Medicine possible. champion huge contributor was Hippocrates. Hippocrates was considered to be the beer of Greek Medicine and was the one that make this science rational. He brought the science from creation superstition and magic to actual facts and descriptions. Hippocrates took Greek Medicine and put reasoning behind it and could easily explain why things happen to the eubstance the way that they do. Hippocrates conducted many experiments and collected a lot of important data that was found and concurred by the data that disease was a internal process. In the data that was found, he found that the un whole bodies had symptoms that were caused by the disease and could be read. By creating and discovering data it sincerely furthered Greek medicine from what it was previously (GreekMedicine.net).When Hippocrates first started to practice medicine the only real established school to study medicine was at the Cnidian School. The only problem was that this schools approach to medicine had a lot of inconsistent data and many flaws that held the school back from really understanding what medicine was. The students that attended likewise graduated not really having a gull idea about medicine and the flaws in the study that were taught to them. The Cnidian School considered the body to be and a collection of isolated parts, and saw diseases manifesting in a feature organ or body part as affecting that part only, which alone was treated. Their system of diagnosing was also faulty, relying exclusively on the subjective symptoms link by the uncomplaining, while totally ignoring the objective scores of the disease (Greek Medicine.Net). Hippocrates greatly dis take ford with this statement along with many other ideas that the school recently had. Hippocrates believed that the serviceman body functioned as a whole with every part functional to rifleher to accomplish a commonality last. He did not believe that every part works distinctly and has a antithetic goal therefore the other. both(prenominal) theories were very contrastive and a method needed to be cleared so the study of medicine for the Greeks could continue and hold up forward (Schiefsky 27).Hippocrates truly believed in streng indeeding and building up the bodys subway system to disease, basically a humans immune system. Since in this time in history the well-nigh(prenominal) up to date sanitary precautions and vaccines were not gettable to Hippocrates knew that the Greeks needed to build up a better immune system to fight off these diseases so it would be easier to fight them when they dismantletually got sick. When encourage this Hippocrates positivist diet, gymnastics, exercise, massage, hydrotherapy and sea bathing as all slipway of helping prevent disease and the spread of disease. til now something as truthful as sea bathing in which he positive(p) really could help a soul fight disease because of the amount of table salt in the water which get out kill the bacteria on a persons body. Hippocrates was a strong believer and activist in eating healthy while someone was sick. With this in mind he came up with many ideas of diets for each kind of disease that a uncomplaining had.He prescribed a light diet during the climax stage of a small in firmity which is when the illness is the worst, and a liquid diet if the uncomplaining was diagnosed with a fever. He prescribed a liquid diet because so the affected role had a faster recovery kind because the liquids were constantly going through body collecting germs and tour them into waste, basically flushing out the fever from the body (Schiefsky 61).Hippocrates was the first physician to diagnose a disease on the patient ofs symptoms by comparing them to the symptoms in relation to other patients. Hippocrates also originated the disciplines of etiology and pathology by deciding the diseases the patient was diagnosed with. For once patients felt convinced of their diagnosis and were not as skeptical as they were before Hippocrates. Overall Hippocrates was one of the all time best known and most influential physicians. His works contract the way for future medical physicians and really changed the whole world of medicine around. He bequeath always be known for his love of healing and great attitude towards his patients. As a physician it is not all about just healing the patient but also creating a relationship with them of trust because they truly are putting their behavior into the physicians hands. Hippocrates is most remembered today for his famous Oath, which physicians take before beginning the practice of medicine. In writing his Oath, Hippocrates set high ethical standards for future physicians to follow. Needless to say, compliance, two indeed and now, has been considerably less than perfect (Schefski 87).another(prenominal) important and influential figure in Greek Medicine was Aristotle. Aristotle even though became a great figure in medicine he made his biggest findings in Biology. Aristotle was a natural historian who spent most of his time dissecting plants and different kinds of animals to collect data and tried to come up with new theories. Aristotle was the sky pilot of comparative anatomy and physiology. Aristotle even contr ibuted too many ideas about growth (Sigerist 150-152).Aristotles most influential and most usual contribution to Greek Medicine was his document made up of the quaternion Basic Qualities which were hot, frozen, wet, and dry. Later philosopher-physicians would book these qualities to characterize the quaternity Elements, Four Humors, and Four Temperaments. The Four Basic Qualities are the foundations for all notions of balance and homeostasis in Greek Medicine (Greek Medicine. Net). Aristotles teachings on biology, medicine and the natural sciences were final examly accepted by the church which before denied all of Aristotles claims and findings because they didnt believe that he was being true to the religion. Another important part of Greek medicine was actually getting it passed to practice by the church. This was the most difficult challenge in the study because the church did not agree with most of the methods and ideas. Physicians needed to clearly explain that the methods being performed by the patients was for the better of mankind and was not offending or going against God in any way (Sigerest 155).There were many different basic principles to Greek Medicine. One principle was the sevener natural factors principle. These factors were what the Greeks used to measure whether or not the body was healthy or not. The first one of the Four Elements which is what the body is made up of. The second is the Four Humors which are the metabolic agents of the Four Elements This principle is made of what a healthy body is made up of so they could compare it to a body that is diseased. The third is the Four Temperatures which is the qualitative yardsticks by which health and homeostasis, or deviation there from, are measured the basis of constitutional medicine (Greek Medicine.net). The fourth is the Four Faculties which limn the basic functions of life. The fifth is the Vital Principles which are the essence and energies that give life to the body. The sise th principle is the Organs and Parts which is about the basic usance and functions of different parts of the body. The last is the Forces or Administering Virtues which are the principles of all corporeal fluid.The four element principle was a principle based on the four elements that the Greeks believed in which were earth, water, air, and fire. Each element had a different meaning. earth the center of the universe and the Greeks related that back all dense solids in the body that are permanent such as bones, joints and teeth. Water is racetrack over and around the earth and is very important to the Greeks so they related it back to the vital fluids of the body such as race and mostly the clear fluids such as mucus. The element air goes over the earth and water so the Greeks related that to the lungs, chest and, thorax of the body and all open spaces. The final element fire was considered to light up the sun, stargaze and stars to the Greeks so they made it represent all musc les, the eye, the liver and the stomach of a person (raredisease.com).The Greeks also came with principles for qualification. The Greeks sight that there are two different kinds of energies. One kind of energy is thermic energising or Pneuma energy which is what the Greeks called it which is responsible for the digestion and metabolism and basically all kinds of energy inside the body (thermal meaning warm describing the inside of the body). The second kind of energy called kinetic energy is responsible for controlling all functions of exercise that the body does. Both energies work equally together to accomplish certain goals. For sheath in digestion kinetic energy is caused when the stomach churns the digested food thence moves the food to the intestine. The thermal kinetic energy is caused when distillation and metabolism occurs (historyforkids.com).Another principle that was discovered was the vital faculty. The vital faculty is the most important organism because it give s the body life. The vital faculty is centered along the breast and lungs and includes the immune system which is a cell group working together to get relinquish of all unnecessary cells in the body that might cause slander or damage. This system helps the body fight disease once it has entered the body. The circulatory system is also included and that system which includes all organs and weave that help business flow throughout the body. The last system it includes is the respiratory system. The respiratory system is a system that retrieves oxygen and feeds the lungs while turning that oxygen into carbon dioxide. This system includes the lungs, bronchi and nasal passages. Besides giving life to the organism and empowering cellular metabolism, the Vital Faculty also activates and coordinates responses of the organism as a whole to its environment. This includes the immune response. And so, the Vital Faculty acts as a telephone exchange nexus for the whole organism (GreekMedici ne.net). The heart and lungs are the central part of the Vital Faculty. Both components work closely together, the lungs pump origin for the heart and the heart takes that line of merchandise and makes new blood out of the blood that the lungs pumped to the heart.The Greeks came up with many different diagnosiss to treat disease. The word diagnosis literally means knowing through (dictionary.com). Making a diagnosis means someone has gone through the mazes and calculations of figuring out what is injure with the patient then figuring out a plan of achievement to heal that patient and eventually save their lives. Making a clear diagnosis for someone in Greek Medicine was difficult and a lot more difficult than it is today because of the technology we use. Back then the Greeks used several different methods to figure out how to approach that persons disease and how to stop it. The Greeks had to act as a detective on a case because that was basically what they were doing. Making a diagnosis separates all other kinds of science forward from medicine and takes medicine away from being fey and magic. Diagnosis is the heart of the medical world (GreekMedicine.net).There were several different ways that a Greek physician would make a diagnosis. One thing that the regenerate needed to have was a basic knowledge of anatomy. Knowing the anatomy of the body and where everything was created many new possibilities of diagnosis for the Greeks. intimacy of the physiology of the body is also needed so the doctor corporation complete where the problem is and how to fix it. Knowing the physiology of body also comes with knowing the seven natural factors and the basic principles which the Greeks thought of and used throughout their medical discovery. Another kind of science that the Greeks used was pathology which is the study of what went wrong with the body before death or cause of injury (Rightwellness.com). Using the information they about pathology they could relat e what bodies scented like after they died with certain diseases and compare them to what they saw on the new patient and what they couldnt stop for one patient they could learn and heal another.One type of diagnosis the Greeks used was a visual diagnosis. seeing someone for the first you get a first impression and that was scarce what the Greeks used when trying to make a diagnosis. This is the first kind of diagnosis performed by the Greek doctors because as in short as a patient came to see the doctor the doctor would start to analyze them up and down to try to find out if there were any visual keys to the illness that was occurring.The clinical eye of the physician is trained to be more objective, unaffectionate and dispassionate than the average layperson. In general, it moves methodically from the generalities of the patients overall frame and physique, behaviors and mannerisms to more and more more detailed, specific signs and clues (GreekMedicine.net). The physician loo ks for a cue and goes with the cue he finds and most of the time that one small cue that the doctor primarily noticed leads to a complete diagnosis of the patient. Observing and inspecting the patient were also major parts in Greek Medicine for creating a diagnosis for a patient. afterward observing the patients outer most part the doctor could take samples and observe the peeing, stool, and saliva (Longrig 109).The Greeks would also observe the behavior of the patient and take that into account when creating a diagnosis. There are four different attitudes that fecal matter be associated to certain terms to match behavior to a certain disease. If the patient is acting delineateful and energetic that person was considered Choleric. If a person was acting poised and sophisticated then that person was considered to be Sanguine. If a person was acting quiet and reserved then that person was considered melancholic. Finally if a person was acting slow and relaxed they were consider ed Phlegmatic. Hippocrates discovered that patients that were acting incoherent or unresponsive such as a melancholic or Phlegmatic patient was never a good sign and a diagnosis would need to be made as soon as possible (Singer 63).The Greeks also looked at the posture and physique of a patient. The way a person carries themselves could ramify a lot to a doctor about just how low their energy levels were and their vitality levels. The Greeks would look if the patients were leaning or slouching which could indicate certain disease factors just from their body language observed. The complexion of a patients peel off could also be a factor in making a diagnosis according to the Greeks. unremarkably a persons skin is a pink-like color so when the Greeks saw patients that had a pale face they knew that something was wrong. The Greeks figured out that if a patients face was a pale color then that person could be suffering from a blood deficiency or anemia as well as a common cold viru s (Grmek, Mueller, Mueller 102).The Greeks also used a patients nails as a way to figure out a diagnosis. A healthy nail is a pink-like color which shows generally good blood flow throughout the body. A pale nail represents some kind of blood deficiency problem. A purple-like nail represents cyanosis which is when the body does not get enough oxygen to its cells. White vagrant on a patients nails can also indicate an insufficiency such as not even zinc or calcium in a patients diet. The sturdiness of their nails can also be a symptom of something going wrong in their body. The sturdiness of a patients nails was founded by the Greeks to show a lot about the kind of sustainment the patient has. Flimsy nails can mean a lack of protein in the patients diet and it reflects the bones and hard tissue underneath the skin as well. The Greeks came to the conclusion that what the nails look like is similar to what the patients bones look like and a diagnosis can be made from that. (MedicineNe t.com).Urine samples were also used by the Greeks in helping creating a diagnosis. There were six different tests when testing a water system sample. The first one was color. The Greeks would take a normal piss sample and compare it to the patients piddle sample. From there they would not whether the sample was darker or lighter then the comparative sample. If the urine was darker then the patient could be dehydrated and the Greeks would also look at if there was a red-like color to it because then there was blood in the urine which is a symptom of kidney problems. Consistency is the second test for urine. In this test the Greek doctors would look at the urine to see if the urine was thick or thin. The third test for urine is looking for fix in the urine. The Greeks would look whether there was some kind of presence of an inscrutable substance in the urine. The fifth urine test was the foam test. The Greeks would vex the urine vigorously and if there was foam formed, different amounts of foam could tell the Greeks different things about the urine. The last test was the odor test. The Greeks would test the urine to see if there was a different kind of smell to the urine or if there was even a smell at all. diametrical smells or no smell could tell the Greek doctors different things about the urine (RightHealth.com).Since the earliest times, Greek physicians like Hippocrates and Galen have always considered the barbarism to be an important indicator or barometer of health and disease. Other great traditional medical systems of the world, such as Ayurveda and Chinese Medicine, also have sophisticated systems of language diagnosis (GreekMedicine.net). The Greeks found the language to be one of the most interesting and important of all the bodies organs. They found this because taste comes from the language and the Greeks are fascinated with how taste works and how vital it is to their lives. There are millions of little nerve endings that cover the tongu e. The Greeks derived a method of where they saw crank spots on the tongue to where in the body the trouble was occurring. For example on the back center of the tongue there were sore spots the Greeks knew there was an intestinal problem. If there were spots in the center of the tongue there were stomach issues, if spots were on the front center of the tongue then there were lung problems, and if there were spots and on the tip of the tongue there were heart problems.The Greeks made another diagnosis by the trice which they called the river of life. The Greeks used pound as a method to see mo heart beat or any kind of heart problem that could be occurring to the patient. Even in todays health care doctors and nurses take pulse rates to see if they can figure out a problem that the patient is having. Health care today can tell a lot more about whats wrong with the patient from their pulse then the Greeks could but overall making a diagnosis from a patients pulse rate was common f or both time periods (Nulton 174).The first Greek to master the pulse was a Greek named Galan. Even Galan though had trouble deciphering medical conditions from the pulse grammatical construction For many years, I was doubtful about clearly discerning the movement of contraction by touch, and I shelved the question until such time as I could learn enough to fill the gap in my knowledge. After that, the doors of the pulse were open to me (GreekMedicine.net). Galan introduced this new method of creating a diagnosis to the Greeks and then the Greeks mastered this skill and used it in their study of medicine. They found that this was a vital method in creating a diagnosis and this pushed Greek medicine even further in the study (Bendick 106).In todays health care the art of pulse taking can be taken at many different pressure points on the body. The Greeks however only used the artery in the wrist to take pulse because they only knew of being able to take it from a patients neck and t he wrist and they felt that taking the pulse from the patients wrist gave much more accurate results (Bendick 94).When taking the patients pulse the Greeks looked for ten symptoms which could mean something is wrong. The first one was the speed of the pulse. If the speed o the pulse was too fast or too slow then the Greeks knew there was some kind of problem. The Greeks would look at whether the speed was about 70 beats per minute because they discovered that was the average heart beats per minute of a normal, healthy person. The second indication the Greeks looked for was the force of the pulse. If the force of the pulse was strong then the energy of the body was high and that was a good sign to the Greeks. However if the energy of the pulse was low then this could be symptoms of many different diseases that usually drain the energy from the body such as the common cold (Bendick 73).The depth of the pulse taken was also taken into consideration. The depth of the pulse could either be insure which is normal, deep which is taken close to the bone or superficial which is close to the skin. For a healthy person the pulse should be taken at a moderate deepness because if the pulse is taken at a deep level that could mean that the heart is beating at a very low level or if the pulse is needed to be taken at a superficial level then the Greeks knew that the heart was beating sporadically and the patient was in danger either way. The final way the pulse was taken was and looked at was the round in the beats. The Greeks knew that if the rhythm of the heart was too slow or too fast then the patient was having trouble and needed to be treated right away (Bendick 113).Since the Greeks thought of ways to diagnose a patient they then discovered a way of healing them with different kinds of therapies and treatments. Some of their treatments and therapies are even used today on our present health care. One proficiency that was used for a remedy to the common cold was the w ater diet. The Greeks came up with a theory that if the cold was taken into the body then it should be able to be flushed out. After coming up with this possibility the Greeks came up with the diet. The water diet is exactly what it sounds like. The patient is told to only throw liquids and not any kind of solid food. This way the liquid will easily be digested and flushed out the patients system. After a duad of days of this diet the patient should be starting to get relinquish of the disease by basically urinating it out of their system (Philips 94).The Greek Doctors prescribed many different kinds of medical drinks that the patient could make and drink. A popular herbal tea that was prescribed contained lemon and was called Luiza by the Greeks. This tea would be prescribed if the patient was complaining of digestion or stomach problems. The tea would actually act as a digestion and was also great for the patients skin because of the amount of lemon used. Another medicinal dri nk is called Oxymel which contains only honey and vinegar but can be used in a fewer different ways. If a patient is complaining of a sore pharynx this liquid can be gargled and the acid in the vinegar will kill the bacteria while the honey soothes the throat. A patient could also just put a spoon full of this substance in a glass of water for a refreshing medicinal crapulence that can be used for patients after they are starting to heal from a disease to keep the healing process strong (Freeman 221).The most respectable and drink of choice for almost anything for the Greeks though was wine. Even though the Greeks did not invent wine they still consider it one of their main drinks of the culture. Wine is actually very good for you if you drink it responsibly. Wine stimulates the heart hence helping blood flow because of the low alcohol content. The Greeks also used wine as a disinfectant to kill bacteria on open wounds of a patient (Dawson 111).The Greeks found Hydrotherapy to be a very compatible treatment because it was capable of producing a tolerant range of therapeutic effects not only by differentiating the temperatures, but also how the Greeks applied them. Although there are endless ways to have got hydrotherapy, the major ones are full bath, foot bath, sitz bath, sponge bath, blanket wrap, steamer bath, and fomentations (Lloyd 152). Full bath is when thetotal body submerged into the water used. This therapy can produce a wide range of different effects and reactions, depending on the water temperature that the Greeks decided to use. Foot bathing tub was when the Greeks submerged the patients feet up to their ankles in a tub of water that was shallow. The Greeks used different water temperatures for different symptoms. The Greeks used cold water for varicose veins, foot edema, headaches, low blood pressure, sweaty feet, and sprained ankle. The Greeks used cold water for those symptoms because they knew that cold temperatures decreased swelling thus healing the patient. The Greeks used warm water for sleeplessness, susceptibility to colds and flu. The Greeks also found that the best way to improve circulation in the feet and legs was to Alternate between hot and cold water temperatures. The Greeks decided though that they need to avoid cold foot baths if the kidneys are weak or the bladder sensitivebecause that would touch off the patient to urinate (Lloyd 154). A Sitz Bath is when the Greekssubmerged the patients hips, buttocks and articulatio coxae by sitting down in a medium coat tub, with water up to about the patients stomach.The Greeks found that this method was great for treating all types of pelvic disorders because it brought down the swelling so much. The Greeks used warm water when the patient was diagnosed with urinary obstruction, irritable bladder, or any kind of problem with their prostate. The Greeks concluded that when they alternated between cold and hot water they greatly strengthen circulation, immun ity, healing and regeneration in the patients pelvic organs. A Sponge Bath the Greeks found wasexcellent for bringing the patients body temperature way down when the patient had a fever (Lloyd 155). A Blanket Wrap was when the Greeks confined their patientin a cotton or linen sheet that was pixilated with cold water. Around the wet blanket the Greeks then wrapped a dry sheet, and around the dry sheet they then wrapped a thick wool blanket. If the patient wants they can drink a shape of hot diaphoretic herbal tea before getting wrapped in these blankets since their body temperature will be shot higher and already having something warm in the patients body will just help the patient at that point.The Greeks used this method so the patient could sweat out the deadly toxins that caused their colds.A Steam Bath is a sauna that the Greeks created with the use of water or herbal teas to create steam. Steam has many of the natural effects of hot water such as a relaxing effect. Steam al so penetrates into the lungs and respiratory tract to release phlegm from the lungs, and opens the pores of the skin to releases sweat which can contain toxins that are causing the patient to become sick. Steam baths and saunas are used by the Greeks in small i

Role of ICE in Tourism Industry

Role of ICE in hitchism IndustryThe touristry intentness today is highly competitive and generates considerable income for every destination of interest, and has arguably become economic eachy indispensable. In the last decade, the structure and operational aspects of the perseverance take a crap been undergoing significant changes in an attempt to keep up with hearty and Economic ontogenys as a leave alone of the fast dispersal of the earnings and increasing E-Business all of which have impacted on the demand for touristry products and the manner in which they can be obtained. nurture and Communication applied science (ICT) is being used in a multitude of overlapping activities inwardly the touristry sector, ranging from internal organisational functions to external communication between different split of the persistence, as thoroughly as facilitating how employees of the industry perform their jobs and how consumers experiences be enhanced. In other words the nat ural covering of ICT is affecting the entire Tourism evaluate Chain (Buhalis, 2003). Its fair to say that in light of this, the continuous development of ICT has good implications in the panache the industry deal outd.With the implementation of new-fashionedfound forms of ICT, an advanced type of E-Tourism has emerged that is radically transforming the Tourism industry on a human race wide scale the effects of which are discussed in to a greater extent power point on the pages that follow.Since the early 1960s when the first Computer Reservation Systems (CRS) was introduced, which fit to Fesenmaier (2000) changed the way Tourism Operators conducted business in the sector four unified eras can been identified (Frangialli, 1998). The Data Processing era in the sixties Management Information Systems era in the 1970s Strategic Information Systems era in the 1980s and the Emerging web era in the 1990s. Since their introduction many of these system of ruless have been change d from their original appearance, new tools have emerged to retire advantage of the benefits introduced by these systems, non least of all the Emerging profits era where the internet has significantly enhanced the operational aspects of the sector in general.It is fair to argue that the Internet has had considerable impact on the application of Tourism management, as people are able to obtain all their break info and portion at home via the Internet. The distribution of travel and touristry products using the Internet has bought about significant cost advantages for set uprs of Tourism service, and increased customer satisfaction as they provide a amply service to their consumers. It is unquestionable, this revolutionary development is accountable for much of the proficient developments at the heart of the industry today (Poon, 1993) which has evolved as a result of the Network era, identified higher up, and has led to further developments in the form of Mobile doctor (M -Commerce).Keen and Macintosh (2001) stress that M-Commerce is marking the start of a fifth part era of innovation and will continue to extend the way Tourism organisations conduct business. Moreover, according to Keen and Macintosh (2001), those who adopt new ICT and those who manage match kinds more(prenominal) dynamically, will expand their market share up to now further by pickings advantage of new developments. Just as CRS changed the way Travel Operators conducted their business, technologies, such(prenominal) as WiFi and WiMax same as Wi-Fi plainly on much larger scale are now changing the way Operators communicate with consumers.Academics such as Kalakota, (2001) suggest that Wi-Fi and M-Commerce, are key technological developments with wide-ranging benefits to the tourism industry. Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity and in simple name means that computers, peripherals and connectivity to the Internet no longer pack to be machine-accessible physically, creating a com pletely wire free system. The benefits of such a system include the costs of setting up are reduced as cabling is expensive, disruptive and not always possible. Wi-Fi allows wider networks, because it does not need to be express mail to those machines which are physically linked, fostering greater mobility as people are no-longer restricted to working only at their desks.As a result of these reasons, the cost of creating Wi-Fi networks in places like coffee shops for example are low, which has assume to the creation of many new Wi-Fi hotspots encouraging visitors to linger and spend more on refreshments for example. Hotels are also taking advantage of the benefits and offering Wi-Fi operate to all its guests at next to nothing. Furthermore, the implications for major visitor attractions are evenly exciting. For example visitors to museums could use along their own Wi-Fi enabled device and access the museum website in their own language and obtain information on exhibits and so o n. return providers are building nationwide networks of Wi-Fi hotspots that can be accessed for a fee, and it is this partner relationship within the Tourist sector which needs to be managed more dynamically, and Tourism organisations need to nurture this relationship in order to provide the services consumers are expecting. A key example of this partner relationship can be witnessed at Heathrow Terminal 1, Paddington station, selected Hilton Hotels, as well as many pubs, as examples of Organisations who have paired up with Wi-Fi service providers, and taking advantage of this Technology.According to Aramberri (2001), these developments have changed the way Tourism Organisations operate, as these developments have led to consumers demanding more services, and changed the end to end process that restricted the services provided by organisations before the Network Era. In other words new ICT has both facilitated more demanding consumers, but also enabled Operators to heighten the trav elling experience. Thus, in order to compete for market share Travel operators need to understand new and innovational ways in applying ICT to the services they are offering.A key example of this can be illustrated with location-based services (LBS) which refers to information services accessible through a mobile handset, based on geographic location. According to Kpper, (2005) Tourism is among the first industries taking advantage of LBS, despite around doubt concerning the compatibility of whatsoever devices, with regards to operating systems, data formats, and limitations in user interfaces. In other words at present there is no generic wine LBS that could run on any device.In addition with regards to the application of ICT crossways the industry, it is now faced with a number of challenges. The Internet allows consumers to obtain information concerning their choices, it is still difficult to judge the credibility of this information, and in the absence of qualified regula tion, consumers still are concerned with the risks. Furthermore, there are still some areas in the Tourism industry that are not actively intricate in the utilisation of ICT, and one the key developments through the eras identified above has been the complete utilisation of that system across the entire sector, and there is a risk given the pace of technological development that some aspects of the industry may get left behind. This would reduce the fight of the industry and take in one of the key drivers for change within the sector.In summary ICT, especially in the form of M-Commerce as a result of Wi-Fi enabled services has had profound implications for the operation of the tourism industry in three main areas. foremost it has radically altered the way in which information is transmitted end-to-end the industry. Hence, it changes and challenges the way in which Tourism services are delivered and requires that Operators find new ways to satisfy tourists needs and that the need s are satisfied on demand. Secondly, the use of ICT is driven by the development of complex demands, as well as by the rapid expansion and sophistication of new products, such as the development of LBS, which as a result has enhanced the need for a wider network of Operators to include other businesses which traditionally do not form part of the Tourism sector such as service providers and mobile handset producers. Finally ICT has gone some way to twain the distance between consumers and suppliers. It changes the best operational practices in the industry and enables innovative Operators to take advantage of the emerging tools and get closer to consumers.In completion ICT is a strategic tool used to enhance profitability and competitiveness of the Tourism sector and the future destination and competitiveness of the sector depends upon the victorious implementation and management of this fifth technological era.ReferencesAbowd, G. D., et al. (1997) Cyberguide A mobile context-awa re tour guide, ACM receiving set Networks, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 421-433.Aramberri, J. (2001) The host should get lost paradigms in tourism theory, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 738-761.Buhalis, D., 2003, eTourism Information Technology for strategic tourism management, Pearson.Fesenmaier, D., et al., Eds. (2000) Information and communication technologies in tourism, Springer.Fodness, D. and B. Murry (1997) Tourist information search, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 503-523.Guerley, W. (2000), Making Sense of the Wireless Web, Fortune, August 15. accessible at www.fortune.comKalakota, R., and Robinson, M. (2001), M-Business The Race to Mobility. New York McGraw-Hill.Keen, P., and Mackintosh, R. (2001), The Freedom Economy Gaining the M-commerce Edge in the Era of the Wireless Internet. Berkeley, CA Osborne/McGraw-Hill.Kpper, A (2005), Location-Based Services Fundamentals and public presentation Fundamentals and Application. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 2nd EditionLaudon, K., Traver, C., 2002, eCommerce Business, technology, society, Addison Wesley, Boston.Moore, K., et al. (1995) Behavioural conceptualization of tourism and leisure, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 67-85.Snepenger, D. J., et al. (1990) Information search strategies by destination-naive tourists, ledger of Travel Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 13-16.Tribe, J. (1999) Economics of Leisure and Tourism, Butterworth-Heinemann, London.V.K. (2002), Global M-commerce Business Opportunities for Wireless Data Services in World Market Series

Assessing Poverty in South Asia

Assessing Poverty in South AsiaIntroductionUNDP has taken an initiatory to publish SOUTH ASIA POVERTY MONITOR expi dimensionnic eachy to assess the pauperization situation at national grassroots take through the live national expertise in South Asia. As part of this endeavour a country report go away be prep bed for Bangladesh as well. The Bangladesh country report volition be prep bed through twain vicenary and soft speak to. Unnayan Shamannay is proposing to conduct the qualitative part of the education.Rationale for qualitative ApproachStatistical info do help very short(p) in to a get off placestanding what the variation means. Qualitative info, on the other hand, dilate the value of detailed, descriptive data in deepening our on a lower floorstanding of iodin-on-one variation.They give rise synergistic eachy to insights and solutions that would not come about without them (Palton 199015-17)Qualitative court crapper tin a depth of understanding of the sc rews associated with meagreness that the often formal and statistically valid approaches whitethorn not. This class of studies includes the change magnitudely usual techniques of rapid and participatory countrified appraisal and beneficiary discernment (WB 1992 8-4). clinicalsThe documentarys of this sk and so on are as followsAssess mendicancy through qualitative methodologyComplement the quantitative approach with qualitative one.Add qualitative dimension to the Bangladesh Country Report.ScopeThe scope of this qualitative film result be to direct indicators of pauperism through a participatory approachIdentify and monitor changes in the distress situationAssess the impact of whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) of the poverty alleviation appraisesAnalyse the findingsTopics/Issues to be AddressedPoverty indite and poverty indicators are some of the authoritative components of poverty estimate. Poverty assessment depart be carried out in participatory manner. Broad topics on the extent of poverty, identification of sub-groups, nature of poverty, characteristics of the misfortunate and risk management take a shit been included in the pro exhibitd search agenda. Moreover, poverty monitor will withal be conducted periodically and it will act as a barometer to measure the changes in various socio- frugal and welfare indicators relating to the lives of the short(p)est classs.Methods to be UsedAll study qualitative research methods will be utilise in the study. reference will be extensively used in the study including its cay variants, videlicet participatory group discussion, guidance group discussion, standardised unrestricted interview and topic study (Figure 1). In addition to interview, other methods of qualitative inquiry, namely observation and document analysis will also be made use of in the study.Selection of Sample AreasQualitative computes will be conducted in both urban and rude settings of the country. To cover the great diversity in socio-economic environments, three dispa straddle regional configurations of northern, pro frame and gray parts of the country would be accommodated in the study. A summarise of cardinal villages including cardinal from apiece part would be cover under the study. In urban area, at least three slum areas would be covered to facilitate the comparison and triangulation of data and randomness.However, for monitor of poverty in the selected half a dozen villages and three urban slums, certain sub receivable of the forgetfulest phratrys will be selected from each of the study sites. Out of six villages, three will be selected in such a manner where at least anti-poverty intervention by government is in operation. These three villages will look as create by mental act villages and they will be drawn from the three parts of the country including one from each. Besides, other three villages will also be selected nearby where in that respect is no povert y pointed government intervention. These three will serve as nurture got villages in the three parts of the country.Sample sizing of itMost of the topics would be addressed at the alliance direct and no specific routine of participants are indispensabilityed to be ascertained beforehand. For poverty monitoring, a total of 120 pitiableest bases will be selected 90 from six villages and 30 from three urban slums. The poorest homes will be selected through consultation with the several(prenominal) comm building blocky members.Tools to be UsedIn selecting tools desirable characteristics namely easy, simple, visual, non-verbal etc., must be taken into accounts. As PRA tools are recognized to dupe all these desirable characteristics, approximately of the tools will be drawn from its repertoire. central PRA tools that will be extensively used in the poverty assessment include scoring and ranking, matrix ranking, wealth/ benefit ranking, condemnation line, social mapping, pie chart and so forth (Figure 1).Validity and ReliabilityAlthough the qualitative data are essentially establish on the perception, opinion and judgement of the participants, the spirit of data would be, nevertheless, refined through of the triangulation principle underlying the research formulate of this study. A combination of multiple sources, researchers/facilitators and on-the-spot cross-checking of data through discussion, cope and deliberation among the community participants would minimise the form of error and bias of data to the minimum. Besides, the scene of action observation by the researchers would in addition , act as a guard over against any major inconsistency and biasness of data.Activities to be UndertakenFor conducting the study a number of activities will be undertaken.The activities includeIdentifying and reviewing available belles-lettresNow-a- solar days wide ranging literature on poverty is available. Different facets of poverty engender been discus sed in those literature. The indicators, measurement process, sampling frame etc. also differ. For a qualitative study for monitoring poverty, the volume of the problem further incr quenchs. The approach is not lonesome(prenominal) several(predicate) but gives a deeper insight. To make it equilibrise the qualitative approach the literature on poverty needs a review. For this purpose all available literature on poverty will be reviewed.Analyse submitly used indicators forward finalising the indicators for assessment of poverty on that point is a need for analysing the presently used indicators. This will provide a rational basis for the use of the indicators in the qualitative study.Pre-testingThe indicators and tools to be used in the study will be pre-tested in the field. This will help understand the effectiveness of tools.Primary field conferBefore starting field work a primary field visit is needed to get acquainted with the actual field condition.Training of field/researc h officersThe field/research officers who will be engaged in this study are competent and experienced. Even then the field/research officers need training/orientation for doing such work. With this purpose they will be imparted in-house and field training.Processing of data/informationThe data/information bear upon in qualitative study is not similar to that of quantitative one. The information gene regularized through qualitative approach is processed in a unlike manner. Different factors and aspects of worldly concern are considered while classifying these information.Field activitiesThe field activities to be undertaken in this study will require two types of work a. in plain area and b. in urban area.Rural area The activities in artless area will require identifying the group/sub-group, building up rapport with them and conducting the academic terms. These activities exact to be co-ordinated with the day-to-day activities e.g., ploughing or wrangle time etc., of the parti cipants.Rrban area In urban area conducting participatory session is a difficult task. Urban life makes it difficult for the participants to spare time for such research. Besides building up a better rapport, tools need to be de pointed and adjusted accordingly.Document analysisSignificant insights can be institute through document analysis. Even discrepancies between sincereity and pronounced goals can be identified.CHAPTER X PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION AND NEEDS assessment BY THE POORProblems and Needs Assessment By the PoorProblems liner the poor were identified by the poor themselves, and a list of matte needs were the outcome of the participatory discussion, debates and consensus among themselves. Two sets of problems and needs were assessed in a participatory manner each for the urban and rustic areas.Urban layTo the urban slum poor, homelessness and eviction from slums are the topmost problems. Other dangerous problems identified by the poor include lack of good health an d water facilities, employment opportunities, security, education, latrine, gas, etc. (Exhibit 38).Regarding the needs assessment, the urban poor listed and prioritized their tangle needs. Some of the most all-important(a) are, latrine, shelter, drinking water, electricity, gas, security, rationing, employment and so on (Exhibit 39).Rural SettingAgricultural inputs, irrigation and culverts are considered to be the topmost problems by the pastoral poor. Apart from these, some other most serious problems mentioned by them are related to health, electricity, unemployment, flood, drinking water, industrialisation, veterinary facilities, silting up of rivers etc. (Exhibit 40). fit in to the needs assessment and prioritization by the rural poor, some of the most important needs as articulated by themselves are industries for employment, agricultural inputs at a fair p sieve, rural roads, irrigation, electricity, school and madrasa, medical facilities etc. (Exhibit 41).Chapter IX Monit oring THE Impact of Public Expenditure on PovertyObjectiveThe primary objective of monitoring of impact of earthly concern phthisis on poverty in this chapter is to understand the living condition of the poor. This is to a greater extent of an informative exercise rather than a whole sector monitoring of poverty. The issue of representativeness has to be, therefore, viewed in this context. One of the stated objectives of the development outline of both present and previous governments is to reduce poverty. A growing share of public expenditure is claimed to bring on been allocated to the development activities ostensibly aiming at poverty reduction in the recent past, and this is likely to be continued in the future.Against this background of increasing the public expenditure allocation to poverty alleviating projects, it is needed to know the effects and impacts of these expenditure on poverty alleviation. In this section a number of key headways have been addressed Does the benefit of the public expenditure distribute those lying at the bottom of the income scale ? Is there any sign of improvement in the condition of the poorest of the poor ? How do the selected poverty indicators comport ? Do they improve, deteriorate or oscillate ? In case of improvement, at what pace do they improve ? establish on the findings from these examinations, an attempt will be made to assess the quality of public expenditure in terms of a set of selected indicators. To understand the trend of the impact of public expenditure on poverty, we started monitoring the behaviour of some selected indicators of poverty in both the urban and rural areas since 1993 as the base year. The qualitative and quantitative data generated through the participatory tools have been used for this poverty monitoring. This is the archetypical round of the periodic monitoring of poverty in a participatory manner.Poverty Assessment and Monitoring Peoples ViewsThe poverty assessment carried out u nder this study has two components. The community members actively participated in the assessment of their upbeat by listing and categorizing of all the menages by themselves in several groups based on their feature criteria. This is, in fact, a subjective assessment. Secondly, after categorization, all households were arranged in descending order on the basis of well-being scores of each of the households resulting in the identification of the poorest of the poor in the respective communities lying at the bottom of the scale with quantitative precision which was again vetted by the community members/participants. The poverty of some of the poorest households in the community has been monitored on the selected indicators. As this monitoring is based on hard data, it, therefore, gives us an objective assessment of the living standard of the poorest. (Figure 9.1) The poverty sitution in the urban and rural areas has been assessed in a participatory manner. Instead of applying any pre-conceived ideas, standards, measures or categories by the researchers to measure poverty as is done establishedly, the criteria used in this study has been developed by the people at the community direct. The basic question relating to poverty measurement or assessment is who is poor and how to identify him/her.Based in world(a) on qualitative data information Based principal(prenominal)ly on quantitative data informationCriteriaUnlike a mavin standard or formula as applied in the conventional methodology, the community-members consider it appropriate to use a set of socio-economic criteria to assess the economic and social view of a household. For this purpose, the researchers and facilitators involved in the study initiated a series of group-level discussions and community-level validations. The community people developed their own criteria (Box 9.1) to assess the status of their own members and also to categorize them into a set of social classes.The more important crit eria developed by the rural people in the selected villages are, among others, the bill of land owned and cultivated, the number of earning members, cash in hand, the housing condition, the bar of fixed assets, the family coat, other sources of income, whether a household is fe manly or potent headed, etc.Prevalence of povertyBased on the above criteria, the community people identified the poor (moderate poor) and the poorest (extreme or hardcore poor) households in their own community. As poverty was assessed at the household level, the status of all the households in the community was assessed and categorized into four classes, namely well-off, medium, poor and poorest.In the urban slums, 72 part of the households were base poor (moderate 51, hardcore 21) and 28 part non-poor (middle 19, well-off9) (Tables 9.1 and 9.2). The incidence of poverty was, however, appoint to be widely different in different slums. In one sample slum there were no well-off households in 1996 alth ough there were many in another(prenominal) sample.In the rural area, 75 portion of the households were classified as poor (moderate 20 and hardcore 55) whereas 25 pct were classified as non-poor (middle14 and well-off 11) (Table 9.3). Regionally, the incidence of poverty was more cunning (moderate 17, hardcore 60) in the central part compared to that (moderate 25, hardcore47) in the northern part.The findings generated by the PRA exercise were further validated by the people in the respective community. So the scope of subjective bias, if any, was greatly reduced.Poverty Monitoring Using circuit mount Data Set (Quantitative)Being a value loaded term, poverty as such cannot be heedful quantitatively/objectively. The debate on the issue abounds in the literature. But the symptoms and aspects of poverty can be measured and monitored by means of a series of socio-economic indicators that proxy the level of well-being of people. That is why, an attempt has been made in this section to measure and monitor poverty through a number of indicators/variables in two different historic period i.e., 1993 and 1996. Most of the indicators used for monitoring were suggested by the community members (Box 9.1.). The number of indicators used here are meant to have satisfied the desirable criteria, namely, unambiguity, consistency, specificity, sensitivity and ease of collection (Carvalho and White, 1994).Change in Demographic and Socio-economic Profiles of the Poorest Households During 1993-96Demographic and Social CharactersticsFamily size and piece of writingThe population of the poorest households and their average family size grew by 5 percent over the monitoring period 1993-96 (Table 9.4). However, the populatioin product rate is base to have been high(prenominal) at 7.2 percent for the urban poor compared to 4.4 percent in the rural area over the alike(p) period. The family size of the poorest households in the rural area is, however, found to be higher at 4.2 in 1993 and extend further to 4.4 in 1996. The family size of the urban poor was lower at 3.5 in 1993, and it grew to 3.7 in 1996.In the rural area, the family size of the FFE-households is found to be much higher at 6.0 on an average in both the central and northern parts compared to those for the non-FFE households in both programme and cons square villages in 1996 (Table 9.5).Another important demographic characteristic of the poorest households is their family composition. In 1996, the FFE households are found to have a male majority 61 percent compared to 49 percent and 41 percent for the non-FFE households in the programme and control villages respectively. The family composition is, however, found reverse for the poorest families in the urban slums. The poorest households had a womanly majority at 62 percent in 1996 (Table 9.6).The above findings pose some questions challenging the appropriateness of the main thrust of the development strategy being pursued by the governm ent in the country. The much-publicized motto two children are enough seems to have been irrelevant so far as the poorest people are concerned in both the urban and rural areas. The increasing harvest-time rates in populatioin and family size suggest that under the existing socio-economic conditions, their economic and social securities lie not in smaller family but in larger one.Earning members and incidence of child labor movementThe poorest households and their different groups are found to have peculiar characterstics in the composition of their earning members. Overall, coating to half of the earning members are men, and one-fourth are women and boys each in 1996 (Table 7.17).Against this general distribution of the earning members, the poorest families in the urban and rural areas are found to have different compositions of earning members by age and gender. In the urban slums, female earning members accounted for 43 percent (women 36% and girls 7%) among all the earners c ompared to 24 percent (women23% girls1%) in the rural area (Table 7.17 and 9.7). Female children are not found to have been as active in income earning activities previously as they are found to be in 1996. The preponderance of male income earners is found to be more prominent among the poorest households in the rural area. At the disaggregate level, the going away is more revealing in the rural areas. The participation of girls in income earning activities is found to be very minimal throughout the rural areas (Table 9.8). Among the FFE-households, womens participation in income earning activities is very small (3%), but it is widely notice (33%-36%) among the non-FFE households.Among the FFE households, the preponderance of male child craunch is observed, and this remained unchanged throughout the monitoring period condescension the programme intervention in the rural areas. The incidence of child dig among the earning members of the FFE households is found to be 40 and 41 p ercent in the central and northern parts respectively of the country, and this remained unchanged in both the areas during the period 1993-1996. The poor impact of the FFE programme on the incidence of child labour at large in the rural areas is also revealed aggressivelyly if we focus on the trend in the incidence of child labour. Overall, 25 percent of the boys of all ages were involved in income earning activities in 1993, and this remained almost at the aforesaid(prenominal) level (24%) in 1996. As the boys, the incidence of female child labour among the earning members is found to be at a much lower level (1.2%) in 1993 and this remained at that level 1996 as well.The above findings raise an important question to the fore why is the FFE programme found to be useless in reducing the incidence of child labour ? The answer to this question should be searched not in the programme itself but in the economics. For the poorest households, the fortune cost of sparing a boy from edu cation is around Tk. 14 a day ( hire rate) in 1996 (Table 9.9). The financial benefit gained from the FFE programme by a rural poor household is found not so significant at Tk. 4.85 (Tk. 0.81 per capita per day) a day for a boy (Table 9.10). The participatioin of a poor family in the FFE programme causes a substantial income loss to that family. As the benefit under the programme cannot offset the income loss that an extremely poor family has to incur, the appeal of the programme to a precariously income-poor family is found to be weak. This finding is found consistent with that of other studies (Ahmed and Billah,1995).Female-headed householdsOne of the important demographic features of the poorest households is that coda to one-third of them were female-headed during the reference period (Table 9.11). More than half of the sample households (55%) are found to be female-headed in the urban slums compared to 23% in the rural households during the alike(p) period.Another important d emographic feature of the three groups of the poorest households is that only 5 percent of the FFE households have been female headed compared to 25 percent and 40 percent for the non-FFE households respectively in the programme and control villages in 1993 (Table 9.12A). This composition remained unchanged even in 1996.The above findings suggest that the FFE households are found to be comparatively stable not only in respect of assets (details later) but also demographically. The preponderance of female-headed households among the non-FFE household groups imply that these households are not only income-poor but also subject to a higher degree of vulnerability and defencelessness both economically and socially.In the urban slums, a significant portion of the poorest households happened to be female-headed during the monitoring period (Table 9.12B) The gender focus of poverty is found more pronounced among the poorest segment of the slum-dwellers compared to those in the rural area. Table 9.11 shows that more than half (55%) of the sample households have been female-headed compared to that (23%) among the rural counterparts during the same period.Begging householdsAltogether, 6% of the poorest households are found engaged in plead. In the urban slums, none of the poorest households is found in this category (Table 9.13) and all begging households under our sample belong to the rural area. Besides, all these households are found among the non-FFE groups. (Table 9.14). These households are more vulnerable and extremely poverty-ridden mainly cod to some unfavourable demographic factors. The households engaged in begging are relatively small (3.8) in family size compared to the sample average (4.2) in 1996. Moreover, the dependancy ratio for the begging households is lower (2.7) compared to that for the sample households (3.0) in 1996.The predominance of women among the earning members points to the poor income level of these households. As the dependency ratio i s very low, it implies that most of the family members are forced to go for earning activities due to their poverty.IncomeSource of incomeThe poorest households have limited sources of income. The urban poor are usually engaged in unskilled manual labour. identical is the case with the rural poor (Table 9.15) as well. Sale of labour has been the main source of the rural poor accounting for 82% of their total income in 1993. This has marginally change magnitude to 84 in 1996. Agriculture is the second most important source of income making up only 12% of the total income of the rural poor in 1993 and 10% in 1996. Only 1% of the income of the rural poor has been derived from livestock, a new source of income, in 1996. tokenish incomeIn the rural area, the income of the poorest households has been found to be miserably low during the monitoring period. The per capita daily income of these households was Tk. 6.9 in 1993. This increased to Tk. 7.4 in 1996 showing an 7% growth (Table 9 .16). Their per household daily income grew by 12% from Tk. 29 in 1993 to Tk 33 in 1996. The higher growth rate of nominal income is mainly due to a positive growth of the nominal wage rate (12%) alongwith a growth of the number of earning members (5%) of the poorest households. The low per capita income is partly due to the large family size and its growth over the monitoring period. The low income of the poorest households is the result of a number of socio-economic factors, e.g., low wage rate (Table 9.9), poor asset base, poor homosexual capability due to illiteracy (Tables 7.31 and 7.32), low access to economic opportunities, etc.The impact of the FFE programme does not seem to have been appreciable on the level of income of the programme households. Although the programme has had some positive impact on the growth of income (15% in per capita and 18% in per households terms during 1993-1996), its contribution to the growth is difficult to ascertain. However, other findings in dicate that the contribution of the programme to the income of the programme households is unimportant (Tk. 0.81 per capita/daily, Tk. 4.85 per household/daily, 15% of the average household income) (Tables 9.10 and 9.16).The per capita nominal income of the poorest households in the urban slums was Tk. 12 a day in 1993 and increased to Tk. 19 a day in 1996 representing a 31 percent growth (Table 9.17). The per household daily income of the urban poor increased by a higher rate of 40 percent from Tk. 41 a day to Tk. 58 during the same period.The income of the urban poor increased by a much higher rate than that of the rural poor in both per capita and per household terms because of the higher growth rates of wage (29%) (Table 9.9) and of earners per household (17%) (Table 9.7), lower family size (3.7), etc. Moreover, gainful economic opportunities are greater in the urban area relative to the rural area.Real incomeThe income of the poorest households in genuine terms (in kilogram o f coarse rice) is found to have declined across the board during the monitoring period. In the rural area, the per capita realistic income of the poorest households declined by 22% on an average from 0.9 in 1993 to 0.7 kilograms of coarse rice in 1996 (Table 9.18). Barring the FFE households, the per household real income has registered a sharp decline during the same period regardless of differences in regional diversity. Due to the income support under the FFE programme, the FFE households could avoid the sharp fall of income. The per capita real income for the FFE households has declined by 13% against a 20 to 25 percent decline for the non-FFE households over the same peiod. Overall, despite an 7% increase in per capita income in nominal terms on an average during 1993-96 (Table 9.16), the interchangeable real income took an appreciably higher downward trend (22%) (Table 9.18) caused by a 24 to 43 percent price hike of coarse rice in the rural areas during the same peirod (Ta ble 9.19).The per capita real income of the urban poor remained unchanged, whereas, the per household real income marked an upward trend (5%) during the monitoring period (Table 9.20). The per capita real income of the urban poor is almost double at 1.4 kg a day of that of the rural poor in 1993 which remained almost unchanged during the same period. The per household real income of the poorest households stood in urban slums at 4.7 kg and 5.0 kg a day in 1993 and 1996 respectively recording a 5% growth. The poorest households in the urban slums are relatively better off than their rural counterparts in respect of per household real income which declined by 16% for the latter(prenominal) during the same period (Table 9.18).Wage rateThe unskilled wage rate is considered to be an important indicator for monitoring poverty. The wage rate of all categories of unskilled wage labourers is found to have increased in both the rural and urban areas (Table 9.9). In the rural area, the daily n ominal wage rate increased by 11.7% from Tk. 17.2 in 1993 to Tk. 19.2 in 1996 (Tables 9.7, 9.16, 9.24 and 9.25). The wage rate is found to be much higher for the urban slum-dwellers, and it grew by 29% from the level of Tk. 35.8 in 1993 to Tk. 46.1 in 1996 (Tables 9.9, 9.21, 9.22 and 9.23).Although the wage rate for unskilled labourers increased during the monitoring period, the purchasing power of the poor labourers did not rise due to a higher rate of price increase in the case of coarse rice. The average wage rate for unskilled wage labourers, in fact, declined across the board in real terms during the monitoring period. However, the poor in the northern part had to sustain a much higher rate of fall (22%) in real wage rate compared to 14% for those in the central part during this period (Table 9.24).ConsumptionConsumption of nutrimentThe consumption of rice and wheat the staple nutriment items of the poorest households is found to have recorded opposite trends among these ho useholds in the urban and rural areas. In the urban slums, the per capita daily consumption of nutrition (rice and wheat) was 442 grams in 1993 and it rose to 514 grams in 1996 representing a 16 per cent growth (Table 9.25). The increase in the consumption level of nutrient in terms of both per adult kindred unit and per household units has also been substantial, 18 and 25 percent respectively during the monitoring period. These findings, however, conceal the substantially low level of food intake observed in one of the slums where poverty is found to be more acute (Table 9.26).In the rural area, the trend in food consumption is, however, found to have consistantly sunk during the monitoring period in per capita and per adult equivalent and per household terms (Table 9.27). The per capita daily consumption of rice and wheat declined from the level of 585 grams in 1993 to 566 in 1996 showing a 3 percent decrease. The food consumption per adult equivalent unit is found to have been at a much higher level 797 grams in 1993 and 786 grams a day in 1996 recording a relatively small fall during the period. Per household consumption, likewise declined during the same period. The declining trend in food intake is true of both the programme and non-programme households during the same period. The consistent fall in the level of consumption of food is largely due to the fall in real income and expansion of the average family size of the poorest households during the monitoring period.Box 9.2 Food pledge A Quantitative AssessmentIn order to assess the poverty status of sample households, the heads of the households were asked to make self-assessments in respect of poverty. Their self-assessed status may be categorized as followsChronic deficit households reporting food shortage throughout the yearOccasional deficit households reporting food shortage occasionally in a year

Abortion And The View Of Richard Selzer

miscarriage And The View Of Richard SelzerIn his essay, What I Saw at the Abortion, Dr. Richard Selzer writes about his experience witnessing an miscarriage for the first time. Selzers article persuade readers from the align of pro-sprightliness point of view by using very stringy technique without includes anything that standing against pro-choice or effusively agreeing pro-life. His writing has incomplete fair nor biased in this article because it simply expresses how he witnessed a procedure of the pro-choice operation and let the readers feel how he had felt- a very powerful persuasive.Although, Selzers writing style is rubbing with a smoothen on the readers mind at the beginning, his assertive tone and inte roosting talking to choosing in the article leads reader to the end without needing much of rhetorical tools. exactly he does use a rhetorical statement when he writes, is tugged, akin a fishing line nibbled by a sunfish to externalise how the chivy in the chars be lly trembles. Even though this article needful much technical terms than as it is, Selzer minimizes those and gets the readers attention. When he uses the technical or biological terms, he explains what those ar at once. For example he writes, prostaglandin- a substance found norm bothy in the body.(3) or outpourings of disease-phlegm, pus, vomitus, (1) makes easy to pull in and stay focus on article without needing of flipping pages of dictionary.Selzer makes his article easy to understanding. However, old he gives his readers to depend what his expression is and that makes readers dissolve in his stand point. The statement, We are not six, I think. I think we are seven(2) gives rise to readers to think where the seventh soul came from, then realize that the baby inside the womb is not just a fetus but it is another life sentence military man existence. Sometime he unknowingly pushes the readers in the place of his characters tonicity as one would take its protest it is not pain the she feels. It is more a recognition that the deed is being through with(p). (1). Selzer knows like a wizard, what would be floating around on the readers head during the story goes. He shows that he knows what readers are thinking by, I know, I know. The thing is norm wholey done at sixteen weeks. and explains the reason.He does not say that he stands on the pro-life viewpoint directly. barely he indirectly states he is a pro-life in the middle of the article, where everyone in the operation room deficiencys the jerked needle where it is. Six do then he count-off himself, No, five do.(2) Over alone in his article, he is describing that he has witnessed a scene of mauling a deep in thought(p) un natural baby who was defending for its life -as much as he or she could-inside the womb until effort away.(3) His emphasis in the introduction of the article, that he is a surgeon who have seen undesirable scene on periodical basic, reinforces how that scene is so much painful for a person to watch. Abortion is termination of pregnancy by accidentally or a woman makes the decision to end by means of surgical procedure as states by Selzer.Abortion has been a social controversy since the procedure was invented, and has arisen since 1973 when the government activity legalized and over 3.5 million legal abortions have been reported in fit in with CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Communities are constantly debating over the pro-life or pro-choice and how many another(prenominal) weeks of pregnancy is not to have the procedure preformed. A person believes in pro-life would say abortion is a murder because the moment of conception, the fetus is alive. On the other hand, a pro-choice person would feel that decision to abort pregnancy is solely to mothers and the government has no right to intervene. And a fetus doesnt become real human being until it is physically delivered from a mothers womb. Abortion is one of the most controversial topics of all times and yet, is still in the gray zone.In early societies before legalizing the abortion, unwanted children were often abandoned or even killed after they were born or seeking back alley abortions which are usually fit(p) in an unhealthy area and done by unlicensed operators. many a(prenominal) of women died from infection and incompetent operator. We all know that abortion is demeans the value of human life in social and religion point of view, but what all the consequences would happened if the unwanted child to bring into the world?It is probably for the ships company to let the unwanted pregnancy to abort than have them be brought up measly and overlook or abused. That would not only for the child and mother to aim throughout their life but also for the society. A child who is neglected or abused are higher probability to get in to crime, drug addiction, lifelong government aid recipients, etc. (Masserli). Do we want the child to left in that kind of mise rable life? Do we want to add such burden to our over loaded society? Some people might say, If the mother cannot raise her child, she could be swelled up the child for adoption. Giving up the child for adoption makes fearsome emotional effect, much more than aborts the baby inside the womb, to the mother for the rest of her life.We all make shifts in our life, especially in teenage life. But sometime, one mistake can cause a whole life living with a big scar across the face. With lack of finish education or may be with peer pressures to have bring up at an early age, could drain down the great life purpose for a teenage girl. We shouldnt penalize someone for life for one mistake by holding pro-life agenda without justification. A blogger/ poet, Sandra Kay expresses how much emotionally and psychologically effects to be a pregnant teenager study with her own experience in her article A Pro-Choice Perspective, she writes, I can tell you-and I am not guessing, but I know-that w ithout access to legal abortions, suicides will increase and women will resort to dangerous, life-threatening, self-inflicted abortions.(Kay)Although many people say a woman has to make ultimately her own decision whether to choose pro-choice or pro-life, when the situation arises, they should carefully analyze both points of view to reduce the impact of regret in the future. maternity is very difficult time for many people. Some are plan most are unintentional, thus leaving the mother frustrated with a decision to make. The decision is a matter of life and death. If you think having abortion is murder, then letting suicides of pregnant woman will make twofold murder

How Music Changed In The 20th Century Music Essay

How medication Changed In The 20th Century Music EssayThe Romantic Period (1800-1910) saw medicament evolve from the formats, genres and melodic ideas established in preceding periods much(prenominal) and went further in expressing antithetic forms of wile with music. However, the 20th hundred saw the rise of great composers such as Arnold Schoenberg, Charles Ives and Igor Stravinsky whose contributions to the world of music brought dynamic changes. In the twentieth century music was no longer constrained to opera-ho drug abuses, clubs, and concerts and this freedom brought experimentation with unseas adeptd drifts of music that went against the conventional music practices.Discussed below are the contributions of the aforementioned composers and their wholeure on 20th century music.Arnold SchoenbergSchoenberg, an Austrian born composer is widely illustrious for the developments that he brought into the musical arena. His music from his early years was filled with sizable harmonies that evolved from the innovative style of Richard Wagners operas. He is also credited with extending the working of Brahms. By 1913, Schoenberg was exploring a new musical language. This had started in 1908, with his string quartet whose outgrowth two movements were written in a complex tonal style -the central organizing principle of western music in that period. However, with the third and one-fourth movements Schoenberg bid goodbye the world of tonality. As such, he pioneered an innovation in atonality which became the most polemical characteristic of twentieth century art music. In the 1920s, he developed the twelve tone technique (dodecaphony) which is a widely influential compositional method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. He also coined the term development variation and was the initial composer to discover new ways of developing motifs without resorting to tonality. With this discovery, he worked at enabling the texture of his music become simpler and much clearer. The twelve-tone technique in effect provided control over the melodic and harmonic aspects of a composition. Schoenbergs dodecaphony eventually became one of the integral and polemical issues among European and American musicians until late(a) twentieth century. To date, composers have been extending his legacy in increasingly radical directions.Charles IvesIves, one of the first American composers of international renown combined the American church music with European art music and was among the first composers to engage in a systematic program of data-based music with musical techniques alike(p) polytonality, polyrhythm, and tone clusters among others. He was an accomplished pianist and many of his publications had piano move that were similar to modern movements in Europe, including bitonality and pantonality. He is best known for his orchestral music and he composed two string quartets and other work of chamber music. Ives music possessed a number of unique features. He applied unconventional approaches to rhythm and harmony away from the salon styles of the ordinal century that were dependent on European models. He wanted a music that reflected his view of America rugged, soulfulnessistic, and unafraid to experiment. His music contains a change of hard-hedged dissonance and quotations from his favorite hymn tunes. Ives compositional career came to an end in 1918 when he succumbed to health complications. Over the duration of time that he had been actively composing, he managed to create a body of work that was unique and in advance of his time. His whole kit and caboodle were not celebrated as much during his early long time but later on in his life his music began to be taken seriously. In 1947, he received the Pulitzer Prize for his Third symphonic music and since then, his works became an integral part of the classical repertoire and he has been recognised for being a fine composer.Igo r StravinskyThis Russian-born composer, pianist and director is widely acclaimed as one of the most important and influential composers of 20th century music. Stravinskys compositional career was notable for its stylistic diversity. Unlike Arnold Schoenberg who abandoned the world of tonality, he sought to retain tonality by advancing it to its very limits. Stravinsky first achieved international renown with three ballets The Firebird, Petrushka and The Rite of Spring. The Rite was based upon unsmooth dissonance, motor rhythms and ambiguous harmonies that drove tonality to its brink. It transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure, and was responsible for his enduring constitution as a musical revolutionary, extending the boundaries of musical design. After this Russian phase, Stravinsky joined the Orthodox Church in 1926 and turned to neoclassicism. During this period, his works made use of traditional music forms (concerto grosso, fugue, a nd symphony) and were all striking in their austerity and experimental tonality. For this neoclassical style, he abandoned the large orchestras required by the ballets and moreover used wind instruments, the piano and choral and chamber works. In 1952, Stravinsky began employ serial compositional styles, including dodecaphony, the twelve-tone technique originally designed by Schoenberg.Stravinsky make the title of one of musics truly epochal innovators because of his technical innovations and the changing take care of his compositional style while still maintaining identity. He drew his ingestion from different cultures, languages and literatures therefore his influence on composers to date is considerable. Apart from his classifiable use of rhythm, he continued to compose pieces which elaborated on individual pieces by earlier composers. He was also a wonderful conductor of his own and other peoples music and led hundreds of concerts worldwide.In different ways, Igor Stravinsk y rewrote music history. His brilliant, demanding orchestral scores carved the path for the superstar conductor. Years later, his works continue to play a dominant role in the programing of symphony orchestras, ballet companies and increasingly, major opera houses.ConclusionEach of the composers discussed preceding(prenominal) have in their own way greatly influenced the musical circles. Their works and innovation continue to inspire new talent and form the hind end of research and expansion of the breath of knowledge as pertains to composition

Overpopulation and Environmental Degradation Essay example -- Explorat

over existence and Environmental DegradationAt the sequence of the hoidenish revolution, nearly ten thousand years ago, the population of the globe was no to a greater extent than ten million. Today the world population is estimated at oer six billion. In the last hundred years the population has more(prenominal) than than tripled. With the population rising at an enormous rate of 1.7 million a week, the world as a whole is being drained of its resources. (Southwick, 1996) disparate theories have prevailed on what will occur as the population continues to burst forth ranging from the Malthusian apocalypse to absolutely no effects at on the whole. Over the last two centuries as agricultural and technological advancements came about, the planets overall carrying substance increased dramatically. It is estimated that the world could support over twenty times its accredited population living at 120 per square meter in 2000-story buildings. (Dolan, 1974) Overpopulation not only adversely affects the environment, or nature, but also has a large impact on human societies today. Environmental degradation and population growth go hand in hand. As more raft enter the world, there is a greater need for space, furthering damage to our surroundings. As populations grew in response to the agricultural revolution of ancient times more land was required for cultivation to feed the rising populations. Forests were cleared, waterways were diverted, and the soil exhausted, all a result of the expanding populace. Even today in parts of the world, peculiarly third world countries, land is being cleared by reduce and burn methods for grazing land and urban development. Whole species of organisms in areas manage the Amazon rainforest have most likely been lost repayable to this method of deforestatio... ...devastating effects, notably poverty, disease, and famine, on poorer countries that cannot handle the needed health compassionate for their mounting populations. R apid growth of the human population is occurring today with tether births for each death. (Southwick, 1996) The modern countries of today cannot turn their back on the third world as everything that occurs on this planet is related. These issues are becoming more and more difficult to solve and are escalating each day. More time and effort needs to be done to look at the ensconce of these issues if there is any hope to fix them. ReferencesDolan, Edwin G., Ch. 5 from TANSTAAFL The Economic dodging for Environmental Crisis 1974 Southwick, Charles H., Ch. 15 from Global Ecology in Human view Oxford Univ. Press, 1996 Tennenbaum, Erica. http//www.tulane.edu/rouxbee/kids98/egypt3.html October 20, 1998

Dropping Out of School :: Why Students Drop Out

An efficient educational system is the one that achieves the doctrine objectives with break through wasting time and money, but what happens when the goals be non reached? There atomic number 18 three options for the student pass the grade, repeat it or dropout of discipline. According to Ruebel, Ruebel, and OLaughlin (2001), School dropout is described as a process of disengagement in which students make out more and more alienated from school and withdraw to the drive of dropping out (p.58). When students decide to drop out of school they are diminishing the opportunities to succeed, and lacking themselves from the tools of competing in our society today for a expose future, they are at risk of infection to engage in criminal activities and become dependent of the government system like welfare. A person that has been better will spend a penny more possibilities to compete for a good job, and have a good quality of life.Woods explained that risk factor outs for dropping out of school exists in all life domains (i.e., individual family, school, community, peer relations), and the likelihood of a student dropping out of school increases as these risk factors accumulate (as cited in Christle et al., 2007). The phenomenon of dropout is caused by a variety of reasons, which must be studied to determine possible solution and prevention. According to Azzam (2007), the dropouts in her teach identified five major reasons for leaving school and stated them as the followingStudents were bored with school (47%) had missed school to many days and could non catch up (43%) spent time with people who were not interested in school (42%) had too much freedom and not enough rules in their lives (38%) and were failing (35%). (p. 91).Financial difficulties is a strong factor for the desertion of school, and even when the student does not want to leave the school he/she has to do it because of the family lack of financial resources. Diyu (2002) embed that family financial difficulties are the primary reason for dropping out school. Also, migration by the parents from govern to place looking for better job opportunities does not give the children the stability, confidence, they need. In their study, Morris, Pawlovich, and McCall, found that having several sibling or older siblings factors into the school leaving code (as cited in Terry, 2008). Older siblings have to take care of the young ones because the parents cannot give way the payment of the day care.

Wyatt and Spenser :: essays research papers

Wyatt and Spensers poems both draw a hunting watch who temporarily gives up his pursuit for different reasons. Wyatts hunter believes he has no chance with the muliebrity because of the rank and come in of the suitor she already has. He considers it necessary to warn others. Spensers hunter feels it is useless to chase any(prenominal)more because he is not getting any closer to winning. The attitudes of the hunters are developed after the chase in from each one poem. One attitude is developed when the hunter realizes he is being shown that the charwoman belongs to someone else. He appears annoyed or irritated. The character in Spensers poem is be untamedered. This attitude develops after he chases her, gives up, and then realizes she welcomes the chase. The poets ideas of wildness and jejunity are distinctly addressed and quite the contrary. Wyatt thinks that someone may search tame, and gruelling to get control of later as expressed in line 14 of the poem Whoso List to Hunt. Spenser thinks its strange that someone is wild in the beginning and hard to get, but later won over easily. The differences in the poets view of get it on in each of the poems suggest that things be not always as they seem. One can not predict the outcome of a dearest situation because what looks easy may not be and vice-versa. This is true of ordinary life and love. Representing a woman as a gentle, but wild animal is appropriate in these two poems because the woman is compared to a deer. The deer, although it lives in the wild, is not a vicious animal, but a graceful creature. The woman and the deer prevail similar qualities in both poems. Lines 5-7 in Wyatts poem shows that one may tire chasing a deer, but the clap of the chase does not make him want to take his mind out of it. This is also true when a man is pursuing a woman. It is hard for one to give up a chase, especially if it is a thrill, and the fix is worth it. In Spensers poem, the woman and the deer also h ave similar qualities.

Investigative Report of Internet Addiction Essay -- Internet Addiction

Investigative Report of Internet AddictionTABLE OF depicted object disceptation OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...............................................ivABSTRACT.............................................................vINTRODUCTION ........................................................1Purpose .............................................................1Growth Of The Internet ..............................................1THE ADDICTION .......................................................2What causes it ......................................................2Symptoms ............................................................3How To surmount The Addiction........................................4The elements of any dependence........................................4CONCLUSION ..........................................................8One operate Interesting Question .......................................9REFERENCES ..........................................................10LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFigures1. The number of networks connected to the Internet vs. Time.2. The percentage of the Internet domains3. Will the compare great deal = Internet Users be consecutive in 2001?ABSTRACTThe line of work of Internet addiction is non very noticeable now and thats wherefore notmany tidy sum are taking it seriously, simply what these people are failing to see isthe connection between the very quick growth of the Internet and the addictionproblem. It is really simple logic the larger the Internet get the more userswill be which will reach out to a bigger number of addicts that pot have their livesas nearly as others corrupted by this behavior. The main objective of this paperis to wee sure that all reader know and understand what Internet addiction isand how it can be solved or avoided. I can not offer a professional psychiatricsolution but I believe if a person knows more about the addiction, the better vista they have to help themselves as good as othe rs thats why I haveincluded a short summary of the elements of addiction.I hope that by the time you read my paper you will have a better understandingabout this issue to keep yourself as well as others of taking Internet addictionlightly.INTRODUCTIONPurposeThe tendency of this paper is to make you, the reader, alert and more aware ofthe newest type of addiction, Interne... ...not be life threatening like some drug addiction, but it can very harmfulto the person professional and personal life. The key to staying extraneous from thisaddiction is to understand its elements and have a strong will precedent to controlones self from all the temptations that the Internet might provide.One Last Interesting QuestionWe all know that more and more people are gaining access to the Internet someway or another, but not every body had the chance of looking at send off 3 Figure 3. Will the equation people = Internet Users be true in 2001? (Sourceftp//nic.merit.edu/statistics/nsfnet)REFERENCE SElias, M. (7/7/1996) Net overuse called true addiction, USA Today, pp 1-A.McAllester, M. (5/5/1996), Study says some may be addicted to the Net BulldogEdition.,Los Angeles Times, , pp A-18.Network Wizards, onlineAvailable URL http//www.nw.com/ order/Rodgers, J. (1994), Treatments that works, Vol. 27, Psychology Today, pp 34.Young, Kimberly, Centre of on-line addiction (COLA), onlineAvailable URL http//www.pitt.edu/ksy/ merit Network Inc., onlineAvailable URL ftp//nic.merit.edu/statistics/nsfnet/

Athens vs. Sparta: Was War Between the Two Inevitable? Essays -- essay

In 480 and the years prior the Athenians and Spartans, banned together to vanquish the Persian Army. The Spartans stand at Thermopylae, allowed the Athenians time to prepare, and at long last allowed the victory. With both of these salient city-states located so close together in Hellas, there differences would ultimately lead to dissension. Throughout the course of this paper, I hope to explain the reasoning behind the dissension between Sparta and Athens, made war between these former(prenominal) allies inevitable.Whenever there is an argument or war there is forever and a day differences between both parties involved. In order to understand the causes of the Peloponnesian War, we mustiness look at their differences. One of the main differences that the Athenians and the Spartans had was their way of education. Athenian boys were tutored at home until the mount up of six or seven years old. aft(prenominal) seven they were sent to neighborhood schools where they were taug ht primary education until around the age of fourteen. These neighborhood schools were normally private schools, but the amount of money for development was usually affordable enough for the poor to send their children for a fewer years. During primary school the boys were usually taught calisthenics and how to philander certain games. former(a) boys were taught more militaristic activities such as boxing or wrestling. solely ages of Athenian boys read heavily, as well as were taught to sing songs, play instruments, and do mathematics. Athenian boys who could not afford to go to school usually began apprenticeships. No matter what however, at the age of 18 all boys were infallible to go to soldiery school for both years, after completion of that they were allowed to buy the farm however they wanted. Athenian girls were not officially schooled, they were usually taught in the possess homes. The purpose of an Athenian education was to train wad to be thinkers, people who ar e well-trained in the arts and sciences (Columbia). The education of the youth establishes a common law for the differences between the way Spartans and Athenians lead their lives. At age seven, training for the troops began for all Spartan boys, theyre forced to leave their homes and go to military schools, where they endure all types of harsh training and discipline. The main lesson was learning to trail pride in enduring pain and hardships. During their teenage years they were taught wrestling, ... ...-states that the Athenians were thus as strong as all would believe, thus the smaller cit-states highly-developed the thought that indeed Athenian attack was inevitable.When two great and decent city-states ban together for a common cause the results will in turn will have great expectations. Those expectations were met when an undermanned Greek forces defeated the large Persian Army throughout the course of the Persian War. The problem occurs when each of the city-states own ego gets in the way of the cause. They hands down defeated the Persians, but the Athenians took the credit for it, and paid homage to themselves, through boom celebrations of victory. In their minds, they were at the head of Hellas. The Spartans took exception to this and rightfully so. The credit has to go to them as well, for the large part that they played in the victory everyplace Persia. This dissension in the end had a lot to do with the Peloponnesian War. Never mind the military structures and governments that each set up, which made their differences buy the farm cut. There was no way to avoid the war between these two great powers, it was inevitable, just as Thucydides had predicted.